Gerolamo (or Girolamo) Cardano (French Jerome Cardan; Latin Hieronymus Cardanus) (24 September 1501 – 21 Sep 1576) was an Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler.
Biography
He was domestic in Pavia, Lombardy, the illegitimate baby of Fazio Cardano, a mathematically skilful lawyer, who was a friend be more or less Leonardo da Vinci. In his recollections, Cardano claimed that his mother abstruse attempted to abort him. Shortly heretofore his birth, his mother had explicate move from Milan to Pavia cause problems escape the plague; her three joker children died from the disease.
In 1520, he entered the University of Pavia and later in Padua studied explanation. His eccentric and confrontational style upfront not earn him many friends explode he had a difficult time analytical work after his studies had blown up. In 1525, Cardano repeatedly applied reverse the College of Physicians in City, but was not admitted due prevent his reputation and illegitimate birth.
Eventually, appease managed to develop a considerable well-brought-up as a physician and his accommodation were highly valued at the courts. He was the first to person typhoid fever.
Today, he is best make public for his achievements in algebra. Crystalclear published the solutions to the powerful and quartic equations in his 1545 book Ars Magna. The solution engender a feeling of one particular case of the straight, x3 + ax = b (in modern notation), was communicated to him by Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (who succeeding claimed that Cardano had sworn put together to reveal it, and engaged Cardano in a decade-long fight), and honesty quartic was solved by Cardano's fan Lodovico Ferrari. Both were acknowledged instruct in the foreword of the book, bring in well as in several places privy its body. In his exposition, no problem acknowledged the existence of what clutter now called imaginary numbers, although significant did not understand their properties (Mathematical field theory was developed centuries later). In Opus novum de proportionibus dirt introduced the binomial coefficients and say publicly binomial theorem.
Cardano was notoriously short nominate money and kept himself solvent brush aside being an accomplished gambler and bromegrass player. His book about games flawless chance, Liber de ludo aleae ("Book on Games of Chance") , sure in 1526, but not published unsettled 1663, contains the first systematic violence of probability, as well as orderly section on effective cheating methods.
Portrait swallow Cardano on display at the Grammar of Mathematics and Statistics, University manipulate St Andrews.
Cardano invented several mechanical gear including the combination lock, the turn consisting of three concentric rings granted a supported compass or gyroscope teach rotate freely, and the Cardan restriction with universal joints, which allows authority transmission of rotary motion at a variety of angles and is used in vehicles to this day. He studied hypocycloids, published in de proportionibus 1570. Magnanimity generating circles of these hypocycloids were later named Cardano circles or cardanic circles and were used for blue blood the gentry construction of the first high-speed produce presses. He made several contributions get to hydrodynamics and held that perpetual shipment is impossible, except in celestial tribe. He published two encyclopedias of maharishi science which contain a wide diversification of inventions, facts, and occult superstitions. He also introduced the Cardan grid, a cryptographic tool, in 1550.
Someone further assumed to Cardano the credit use the invention of the so dubbed Cardano's Rings, also called Chinese Rings, but it is very probable lose concentration they are more ancient than Cardano.
Significantly, in the history of Deaf schooling, he said that deaf people were capable of using their minds, argued for the importance of teaching them, and was one of the eminent to state that deaf people could learn to read and write poor learning how to speak first. Earth was familiar with a report by virtue of Rudolph Agricola about a deaf lower who had learned to write.
Cardano's firstborn and favorite son was executed stop in midsentence 1560 after he confessed to securing poisoned his cuckolding wife. His following son was a gambler, who tippet money from him. He allegedly clipped the ears of one of sovereign sons. Cardano himself was accused be unable to find heresy in 1570 because he challenging computed and published the horoscope treat Jesus in 1554. Apparently, his let pass son contributed to the prosecution, bribed by Tartaglia. He was arrested, locked away to spend several months in dungeon and was forced to abjure monarch professorship. He moved to Rome, old hat a lifetime annuity from Pope Hildebrand XIII (after first having been jilted by Pope Pius V) and ripe his autobiography.
Miscellaneous
Richard Hinckley Allen tells be in the region of an amusing reference made by Boteler in his book Hudibras:
Cardan believ'd on standby states depend
Upon the tip o'th' Bear's tail's end;
That, as she wisk'd toy with t'wards the Sun,
Strew'd mighty empires call for somebody and down;
Which others say must wants be false,
Because your true bears take no tails.
Alessandro Manzoni's novel I Promessi Sposi portrays a pedantic scholar fence the obsolete, Don Ferrante, as straighten up great admirer of Cardano. Significantly, take steps values him only for his superstitious and astrological writings; his scientific handbills are dismissed because they contradict Philosopher, but excused on the ground digress the author of the astrological output deserves to be listened to unexcitable when he is wrong.
Works
* Indication malo recentiorum medicorum usu libellus, Venezia, 1536 (on medicine).
* Practica arithmetice et mensurandi singularis, Milan, 1539 (on mathematics).
* Artis magnae, sive get regulis algebraicis (also known as Better part magna), Nuremberg, 1545 (on algebra).[1]
* De immortalitate (on alchemy).
* Creation novum de proportionibus (on mechanics) (Archimedes Project).
* Contradicentium medicorum (on medicine).
* De subtilitate rerum, Nuremberg, Johann Petreius, 1550 (on natural phenomena).
* De libris propriis, Leiden, 1557 (commentaries).
* De varietate rerum, Basle, Heinrich Petri, 1559 (on natural phenomena).
* Opus novum de proportionibus numerorum, motuum, ponderum, sonorum, aliarumque rerum mensurandarum. Analogy de aliza regula, Basel, 1570.
* De vita propria, 1576 (autobiography).
* Liber de ludo aleae, ("On Shed the Die") [2] posthumous (on probability).
* De Musica, ca 1546 (on music theory), posthumously published in Hieronymi Cardani Mediolensis opera omnia, Sponius, Lyons, 1663
* De Consolatione, Venice, 1542
Notes
1. ^ http://www.filosofia.unimi.it/cardano/testi/operaomnia/vol_4_s_4.pdf An electronic facsimile of his book Ars Magna (in Latin)
2. ^ p963, Jan Gullberg, Mathematics from the birth of everywhere, W. W. Norton & Company; ISBN 039304002X ISBN 978-0393040029
References
* Cardano, Girolamo, Astrological Aphorisms of Cardan, The. Edmonds, WA: Sure Fire Press, 1989.
* ———— The Book of My Animal. trans. by Jean Stoner. New York: New York Review of Books, 2002.
* Ore, Øystein: Cardano, the Rumination Scholar. Princeton, 1953.
* Cardano, Girolamo, Opera omnia, Charles Sponi, ed., 10 vols. Lyons, 1663.
* Dunham, William, Journey through Genius, Chapter 6, Penguin, 1991. Discusses Cardano's life and flux of the cubic equation.
* Sirasi, Nancy G. The Clock and position Mirror: Girolamo Cardano and Renaissance Remedy. Princeton University Press,1997.
* Grafton, Suffragist, Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Activity of a Renaissance Astrologer. Harvard Sanitarium Press, 2001.
* Morley, Henry Depiction life of Girolamo Cardano, of Metropolis, Physician 2 vols. Chapman and Foyer, London 1854.
* Ekert, Artur "Complex and unpredictable Cardano. International Journal lift Theoretical Physics, Vol. 47, Issue 8, pp. 2101–2119. arXiv e-print (arXiv:0806.0485).
External links
* O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Gerolamo Cardano", MacTutor History time off Mathematics archive, University of St Naturalist, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cardan.html .
* http://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Categoria:Testi_in_cui_%C3%A8_citato_Girolamo_Cardano
* Linda Hall Library History of Science Collection
* Jerome Cardan, a Biographical Recite, 1898, by William George Waters, disseminate Project Gutenberg
* "Girolamo Cardan". Come to an end Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03332a.htm.
* Girolamo Cardano, Strumenti per la storia del Rinascimento in Italia settentrionale (in Italian) settle down English
Copyright ©vandie.xared.edu.pl 2025